Introduction:
010010010110011000100000011110010110111101110101
001000000110001101100001011011100010000001110010
011001010110000101100100001000000111010001101000
011010010111001100100000011110010110111101110101
001000000110000101110010011001010010000001100001
001000000110001001101111011100110111001100100000
011000010110111001100100001000000111001101101000
011011110111010101101100011001000010000001100111
011010010111011001100101001000000110110101100101
001000000110000101101110001000000100000100100000
011011110110111000100000011011010111100100100000
011011000110000101100010001011100010000001000110
011001010110010001100100011001010111001001110011
011011110110111000101100001000000100100100100000
011000010111001101110011011101010110110101100101
001000000111010001101000011010010111001100100000
011010010111001100100000011110010110111101110101
001000000111001001100101011000010110010001101001
011011100110011100100000011101000110100001101001
011100110010000001110011011011110010000001111001
011011110111010100100000011000110110000101101110
001000000110000101110000011100000111001001100101
011000110110100101100001011101000110010100100000
011101000110100001100101001000000110010101110000
011010010110001101101110011001010111001101110011
001000000110111101100110001000000110110101111001
001000000110001001101100011000010110001000101110
The genome is our hereditary code made up of DNA. Biotechnology uses this knowledge to manipulate organisms. Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to amplify a specific sequence of DNA.
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
P glo
The goal of this lab is to make bacteria glow. We will be inserting the DNA for Green Florescent Protein (GFP) into the bacteria's DNA. This will be done by subjecting the bacteria to heat shock. Heat shock is a rapid change in temperature. The rapid change in temperature will cause the bacteria to absorb DNA mediately around it, thus absorbing the DNA with the GFP gene. To ensure that only the bacteria that absorbed the DNA survive, we will attach the coding for the GFP with the coding for ampicilin resistance. Then, after the bacteria has gone through heat shock and absorbed the DNA, the bacteria then will be subjected to ampicillin, therefore killing off all of the bacteria that did not absorb the DNA. The remaining ampicillin resistant bacteria should glow green if all went correctly.
Friday, January 28, 2011
Identifiying Devil Crops: The study of GMOs
Well, the problem here with the GMOs has been grounded in history for many years. Actually, only as many years as GMOs have existed, which is only about 24, since they mainly started in 1986. But, nonetheless, GMO's are genetically modified organisms. Scientists have deemed it necessary to tinker with God's almighty creations in order to protect crops from frost, or disease. They manipulate the genes of species in order to breed specific, beneficial traits. However, many sensible people object to gmos because their effect on humans are unknown.
Procedure:
Grind fruit with pestle. Label the tubes 1 through 6. Add the master mix. place the the mixture in the PCR tubes. Place the PCR tubes in the thermal cycler. Put loading dye in each one. Run each one through gel electrophoresis.
Results/Discussion:
Lane 1: Test Food 1 Plant Master Mix
Lane 2: Test Food 1 GMO Master Mix
Lane 3: Test Food 2 Plant Master Mix
Lane 4: Test Food 2 GMO Master Mix
Lane 5: GMO+ Plant Master Mix
Lane 6: GMO+ GMO Master Mix
Lane 7: Gel Marker
However, our results might be skewed for we mixed up lanes 1 and 3 making our results different from what was expected
Lane 7: PCR Molecular weight ruler.
Procedure:
Grind fruit with pestle. Label the tubes 1 through 6. Add the master mix. place the the mixture in the PCR tubes. Place the PCR tubes in the thermal cycler. Put loading dye in each one. Run each one through gel electrophoresis.
Results/Discussion:
Lane 1: Test Food 1 Plant Master Mix
Lane 2: Test Food 1 GMO Master Mix
Lane 3: Test Food 2 Plant Master Mix
Lane 4: Test Food 2 GMO Master Mix
Lane 5: GMO+ Plant Master Mix
Lane 6: GMO+ GMO Master Mix
Lane 7: Gel Marker
However, our results might be skewed for we mixed up lanes 1 and 3 making our results different from what was expected
Lane 7: PCR Molecular weight ruler.
Thursday, December 23, 2010
DNA Chip Lab
Introduction: The microarray has become a new research tool for technicians looking to view and interpret genes. It is essentially a merge of genomics, computer science, and nanotechnology. It allows for a detection of patterns or changes in transcription in normal and abnormal cells. For example, you can compare cancerous and normal cells easily. Basically, a DNA microarray chip is a solid matrix, like a glass slide, that is imprinted with arranged pattern of spots that each represent part of a genome.
Procedure: 1)Prepare the simulated microarray slide
*put drop appropriate gene solution onto each slide
2) Hybridized your microarray with labeled cDNAs from normal lung tissue and lung cancer tissue
*label normal with blue dye, cancerous with red dye
*drop 20 uL of hybridization solution onto each spot
3)Visualize your labeled mircroarray results
Results:
Procedure: 1)Prepare the simulated microarray slide
*put drop appropriate gene solution onto each slide
2) Hybridized your microarray with labeled cDNAs from normal lung tissue and lung cancer tissue
*label normal with blue dye, cancerous with red dye
*drop 20 uL of hybridization solution onto each spot
3)Visualize your labeled mircroarray results
Results:
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
CSI: Lafayette. The Crime Lab
A) Viruses are able to inject their DNA into another organism to infect it. However, many bacteria have developed restriction enzymes to work as a defense mechanism. Restriction enzymes cut specific base pairs of DNA. We can use this process to our advantage as a way to observe DNA. Through agarose gel electrophoresis, where the DNA segments are put into gel which is placed in a buffer solution. When we apply a current through the solution, the DNA separates. This is because the DNA has an overall negative charge, and thus is attracted to the negative side of the slab. This will separate the DNA segments by size because the smaller ones travel further.
B) The ability to isolate and indentify DNA has incredible utility in the real world. For example, in crime scenes, using human remains we can indentify whose they are. We can also study the differences between healthy and cancerous patients by comparing their DNA. Or study the DNA of a species or population.
Procedure: There are five suspects to a crime that has been committed. We must find out who committed the crime. We must mix samples of DNA with the restriction enzyme mix. The incubate the samples in 37 degrees Celsius water. Then centrifuge the samples in an agarose gel in the electrophoresis apparatus. Then place the samples in the gel and run the electrophoresis for 30 minutes.
Results: Chloe committed the crime.
B) The ability to isolate and indentify DNA has incredible utility in the real world. For example, in crime scenes, using human remains we can indentify whose they are. We can also study the differences between healthy and cancerous patients by comparing their DNA. Or study the DNA of a species or population.
Procedure: There are five suspects to a crime that has been committed. We must find out who committed the crime. We must mix samples of DNA with the restriction enzyme mix. The incubate the samples in 37 degrees Celsius water. Then centrifuge the samples in an agarose gel in the electrophoresis apparatus. Then place the samples in the gel and run the electrophoresis for 30 minutes.
Results: Chloe committed the crime.
Sunday, October 17, 2010
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
The Search for Biofuels
Introduction:
A) Biofuels are quickly becoming an important alternative to fossil fuels. The basic requirement for a biofuels is that it comes from biomass. The first generation of biofuels were produced from food products such as corn and wheat. However, this was criticized because to took food away from the human population. Thus the second generation biofuels came from byproducts of food production. It converted much of the waste into fuels. The third generation of biofuels comes from algae. To break down biomass to produce ethanol, you must use enzymes. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions and are generally proteins. The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is caled the substrate. Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction by reducing the activation energy needed for a reaction. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, and is broken down by cellulases into glucose. By using cellulases, the biofuel industry can convert the cellulose into more easily usable forms, such as glucose. They then take the sugar and convert it into ethanol by microbial fermentation.
B) The purpose of this lab is to explore how cellulose from cell walls is broken down into glucose by enzymes. It has relevance to the research industry because they want to find an easy way to break down biomass into more usable forms of energy, such as glucose.
C) In this lab, we will be testing the effects of enzymes on a reaction. We will fill five test tubes with an artificial substrate (p-nitrolphenyl glucopyranoside)) and then add our enzymes (cellobiase). At specific timer periods we will add a base to stop the reaction and to act as an indicator to see how much product we got. In day 2 we will repeat this except we will use mushroom extract as our enzymes.
D) The control is this lab is a test tube with substrate but without an enzyme. The variables are how long the reaction occurs before we stop it with a base. I predict that the longer the reactions occur, the more product there will be.
Procedure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8TeTsnlKrg
Discussion: The data we received made sense. Looking at the five test tubes, they went from a light yellow (for the shortest time) to a more dark yellow (for the longest time). As the reaction went for a longer time, more product was produced. When we used mushroom extract, we had a similar effect. It was hard to distinguish if the mushroom extract was a faster enzyme that the cellobiase we used on the first day. Possible sources of error in this lab could be that if the reactant ran out during the time, then the reaction would stop. It did not seem to run out because the later test tubes each got darker. However, if we continued timing, at a certain point, the reactant would run out.
A) Biofuels are quickly becoming an important alternative to fossil fuels. The basic requirement for a biofuels is that it comes from biomass. The first generation of biofuels were produced from food products such as corn and wheat. However, this was criticized because to took food away from the human population. Thus the second generation biofuels came from byproducts of food production. It converted much of the waste into fuels. The third generation of biofuels comes from algae. To break down biomass to produce ethanol, you must use enzymes. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions and are generally proteins. The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is caled the substrate. Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction by reducing the activation energy needed for a reaction. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, and is broken down by cellulases into glucose. By using cellulases, the biofuel industry can convert the cellulose into more easily usable forms, such as glucose. They then take the sugar and convert it into ethanol by microbial fermentation.
B) The purpose of this lab is to explore how cellulose from cell walls is broken down into glucose by enzymes. It has relevance to the research industry because they want to find an easy way to break down biomass into more usable forms of energy, such as glucose.
C) In this lab, we will be testing the effects of enzymes on a reaction. We will fill five test tubes with an artificial substrate (p-nitrolphenyl glucopyranoside)) and then add our enzymes (cellobiase). At specific timer periods we will add a base to stop the reaction and to act as an indicator to see how much product we got. In day 2 we will repeat this except we will use mushroom extract as our enzymes.
D) The control is this lab is a test tube with substrate but without an enzyme. The variables are how long the reaction occurs before we stop it with a base. I predict that the longer the reactions occur, the more product there will be.
Procedure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8TeTsnlKrg
Discussion: The data we received made sense. Looking at the five test tubes, they went from a light yellow (for the shortest time) to a more dark yellow (for the longest time). As the reaction went for a longer time, more product was produced. When we used mushroom extract, we had a similar effect. It was hard to distinguish if the mushroom extract was a faster enzyme that the cellobiase we used on the first day. Possible sources of error in this lab could be that if the reactant ran out during the time, then the reaction would stop. It did not seem to run out because the later test tubes each got darker. However, if we continued timing, at a certain point, the reactant would run out.
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